We know, the universe consists of five big natural energy sources like
water, land, Air, fire and space. The Sixth important energy developed by
human is called "Electricity". In this modern world, for our day to
day life the electricity plays a vital role. Simply to say, even man lives
without food but not lives without Electricity. Because in our life, the electrical
goods play an important role.Hence the students must know about this source
and how it is applied.
Electricity is one type of energy. All matter whether solid, liquid or,
gaseous consists of minute particles known as Atoms. According to modern
Research electric current means flow of electron. So we need to know about the
Atom.
1.2. ATOM
It has a hard central core known as nucleus. It contains two type of
particles one is known as proton and carries positive charge. The other is
neutron, which is electrically neutral, i.e. it carries no charge. Around the
nucleus in elliptical orbit the electrons one revolving. Electrons cany the
negative charge. The number of electron are number of protons in a atom are
equal. So the atom is electrically neutral. The number of protons in the
nucleus of atom gives the atomic number. The total numbers of neutron and proton
are known as atomic weight. Because negligible weight of the electron is not
taken to calculate atomic weight.
1.3. METHODS OF ELECTRICITY PRODUCTS
An electricity is produced by the extraction of electrons from an atom.
The energies which are used to produce an electricity are (i) Friction (ii)
Light (iii) Heat (iv) Pressure (v) Chemical Action (vi) magnetism.
1.3.1. Electricity due to friction
Due to the friction of two material, the electrons come out from one
material to join with the other material. The material which looses the
electron gets +ve charge and the material attracted the electron gets -ve
charge. This type of electricity is called Static Electricity.
Ex. Materials like Glass, Rubber, Wax, Silk, Reyon, Nylon.
1.3.2 Electricity due to light
When the light falls on the material, the electrons emitted from the
surface and producing the flow of current. For this purpose Photocell is used.
Photo cell is used to convert the light energy into current. The materials
which emitted electron due to the light fall on the surface are "photo
sensitive metal.15
Ex. Sodium, Potassium, Lithium, Cesium.
1.3.3 Electricity due to Pressure
Electrons in the outermost orbit of an atom is extracted due to the
pressure applied to an atom and the electricity is produced. This is called
"Piezo Electricity". In a telephone, diapharam is pressured by the
sound waves. Because of this, Electric Waves are produced depending upon the
pressure of sound waves.
1.3.4 Electricity due to Heat
The ends of two metal rods are joined together and this joined part is
heating. Due to this the part opposite to the heated place is connected by a
Galvanometer and the Electricity is known as the deflection of the pointer.
In the same way, two metal plates are j oined together and is heating,
for the purpose of producing electricity. This type is called "Thermo
Coupling Method."
For the above four methods, sufficient electricity is not produced and
the energy of electricity is also less. Because, the other two methods are used
to produce the sufficient electricity with high energy.
1.3.5.Electricity due to chemical action
By using the method of chemical action, electrons are extracted from an
atom and producing electricity. This method is used for producing electricity
in primary and secondary cells.
Primary cell is used in torch light and the secondary cell is used in
cars, motorcycles etc.
1.3.6. Electricity due to Magnetism
In this method Electrons are extracted from an atom due to magnetism.
For this purpose generators are used. In generator the energized electricity is
produced by the magnetic poles and armature winding.
In our country the requirement of electricity is produced in all the
above methods.
In this we have to study about all the power generating stations in
Tamilnadu and how the electricity is produced.
1.4. POWER GENERATING PLANTS
Today,
there are seven power generating stations are available in our country. By
this, approximately 7000 MW current is produced in our country
Types of Power Generating
Plants
1.
Hydro
Electric Power Plant
2.
Thermal
Power Plant
3.
Atomic
Power Plant
4.
Gas Power
Plant
5.
Diesel
Power Plant
6.
Solar
Power Plant
7.
Wind-Mill
Power Plant
1.4.1. Hydro Electric Power
Plant
From the water reservoir, the water is taken through the jaint tubes to
the water turbine. For the rotation of turbine, the kinetic energy of water is
converted into mechanical energy and is converted into electrical energy by the
using of generators.
This type of plant is placed in TamilNadu at Mettur, Kunda, Bicara,
Suruliyaru & Kadamparai.
1.4.2. Thermal Power Plant
Chemical energy is converted into heat energy by burning of coal or
lignite in boiler plant. Water in the boiler is converted into steam by heat
energy. This steam is flowing through the steam turbine which is connected to
the generator and this energy is converted into mechanical energy by the
rotation of turbine. The mechanical energy is again converted into electrical
energy by the use of generator.
This type of plant is
placed in TamilNadu at Ennore. (Chennai), Neyvelli, Tuticorin and Mettur.
Thermal Power Plants play a
major role for the requirements of electricity in Tamilnadu
1.4.3. Atomic Power Plant
By the diffusion of an atom of Uranium or Thorium, to getting more heat.
Based on this principle the atomic power plant is working. The heat energy is
produced and is used to rotate the steam turbine and this energy is converted
into mechanical energy. Hie generator converts the mechanical energy into
electrical energy.
This plant is placed in Kalpakkam near Chennai and Tharapur in Rajastan
State. Leakage of gas by this plant may cause pollution and affect the health
of the people.
1.4.4. Gas Power Plant
For the rotation of turbine, the underground gas is used. The generator
which is connected to the turbine produces the electricity. This plant is
placed in Ramanathapuram and Kuthalam.
1.4.5 Diesel Power Plant
This type of plant is used for the place where the continuous
requirements of electricity is needed, i.e. in big factories and refrigeration
works. The electricity is produced by the generator which is connected to the
big diesel engine.
Depending upon the requirements, different capacities of small or large
diesel generators are used in hotels, hospitals, Jewelleryshops, cinema
theatres, shipyards etc.
1.4.6 Solar Power Plant
For the purpose of minimum production of electricity, this type of plant
is placed on the roof of the buildings. In this plant, the electricity is
produced by using sun-rays. This is used in houses, hotels, hospitals, traffic
signal lights etc.
1.4.7 Wind-Mill Power Plant
The Wind-Mill is rotated by heavy speed of wind. The electricity is
produced by the generator which is operated by the wind-mill. This plant is
placed at Kayathar in Nellai District and placed at Palladam-Udumalai Pettai
Road in Coimbatore District.
1.5. ELECTRICAL SAFETY AND
PRECAUTIONS
A man who works in the electrical department must be carefully handled
the work without any damage to the equipments and also workers. Because
accident may occur heavy loss. He must know all the operations of electrical
equipments. Otherwise wrongly handled the equipments will cause heavy loss.
Electrical accident may occur only due to carelessness. Due to this, workers
will get injured, damaged equipments will cause loss, because the work was
stopped. To avoid this, electrical workers must follow the rules and
regulations when working.
1.5.1. Electrical Precautions
- Before he use the equipment's, he must know the operation of that equipment's. Electrical connections are made properly according to the definition.
- Only the trained and efficient person is allowed to operate, testing and repairing the machine.
- A person works in the electric post and tower post must wear the safety belt and grouse.
- If the situation is occur, the man who works on the ladder, the other persons helps to capture the ladder for safety. If it is essential, then the post and the ladder must be tied with a rope for safety purpose.
- After earthing the overhead lines by discharge rod, then the work will continue.
- Check the condition of all the hand tools, supply wires operated in current and also to check the earth wire is in good condition.
- To remove the plug point pin from the socket by the proper way, cannot pul ling the wire.
- After the main switch is off, fuse wire must be changed. Depending upon the load, sufficient ampere fuse wire is provided.
- All the hand tools used in electrical works must be insulated.
- During made up of wiring, switch is always connected in phase line.
- If any fault occur in the electrical equipment in the houses, it will be checked and repaired after the equipment is totally disconnected from the supply.
- Ex. Fan, Grinder, Mixer etc.
- Safety equipment's existing in the electrical circuit is not removed due to any reasons.
- If fire occurs in the electrical circuit, immediately the main switch is turned to off position. For extinguishing the fire any one of the following i.e. carbon-di-oxide extinguisher, dry power extinguisher can be used. Soda acid extinguisher is not used at any cost. Water is not used to extinguish the fire because it conducts electricity and cause severe accident.
- If any person getting electric shock because of touch the electric wire, immediately the supply is disconnected. The person is removed from the wire by the use of dry stick, dry wooden plank and dry cloth etc.
- When the battery is charging in a room, the room must be in a condition to get free air. To avoid dangerous situation, no fire is available near the battery.
- For producing electrolyte, water is not added to acid. Hydrochloric acid is added in the water by drop by drop.
- Sweating hand is not used to switch ON or work on the electric supply. If the person has sweating on the hand continuously, he must wear the glouse.
- The switch is in OFF position. Before to turn ON the switch to check if anybody is working in that electrical circuit.
- The above points are used for electrical workers and they can be work without any damage.
1.5.2. Electrical Shock
Human body has a electrical conducting property. Without sweating of
human body the resistance is approximately 80000(Ohms) and during sweating
resistance of the human body is approximately 1000(Ohms). If we touch the
current carrying conductor, the current is conducted through our body to earth.
So the electrical circuit is closed and we get electric shock due to this,
nervous structure, heart, lungs and brain are affected. If the current is
heavy, death may occur. Therefore we must know, even though the current is
essential,if it is used wrongly, it will cause heavy loss. i.e. death and
economical loss.
To prevent this electrical shock, we know about the methods of
preventive cares and protective methods for safety precautions.
1.5.3. Preventive method to avoid electric shock
The Operation of electrical equipment's must
be known.
- Damaged wire is not used for wiring works or electrical connection.
- The Electrical Instruments used for connections (i.e. switch,plug,pushings) is not having any scratch or breakable, If it is in such a way that it must be replaced by new one.
- Requirement hand Tools are used in proper way
- The hand tools are insulated essentially.
- Proper earthing is provided.
- If the supply is taken from the socket, only the plug top is used. To avoid, the supply is taken by inserting the wire with stick in the socket.
- Depending upon the load, rated ampere fuse wire is used.
- The electrical equipment is repaired after the main switch is off.
- For any reason do not operate by overcoming the safety rules.
The
electrical shock may be avoided for following the above methods in a proper
way.
1.5.4. First Aid
Due to unavoidable reason, a man affects from sudden accident occur or
electric shock, he may be treated by first aid method to protect from death,
before taken into hospital.
When a person is affected by current shock, first the circuit should be
disconnected. If the main switch is nearer put off the switch or using any
wooden stick we could disconnect the person from circuit. Then immediately send
him to consult a doctor.
If the affected person lose his consciousness, but breathing is normal
then looser his clothes and apply cold water on his face and keep him in open
air.
If the person does not breath then immediately arrange artificial method
of breathing clean his mouth and keep it open.
There are three methods of artificial breathing.
HOLGER NELSON METHOD
In this method the victim should be kept in the bed facing the ground.
Fold his hands and keep it in the backside of his head, the helper sitting at
his head should massage his back using both hands. This is done with in two
seconds.
Mouth to mouth
In this method the helper pushes air by keeping his
mouth on the victim's mouth.By closing his nose then the air fill lungs. So the victim gets artificial
respiration.
MOUTH TO MOUTH METHOD
- Put the victim on a bed-sheet.
- If his tongue is folded correct it.
- Using both hands catch his for head and chin.
- For respiration place your mouth over the mouth of the victim and send an to his body for respiration.
Through Nose
In this method the helper send air through victim's nose. By closing his
mouth the air is blown in his nose till the heart of the victim rises by this
way the victim gets artificial respiration. For a child the air blown is half
the heart level, compared to adult.
